Rosa Parks

 Rosa Parks: biography

What happened?

1913 -

at the age of 19 -

1932 -

1 Dec 1955

5 Dec 1955

1956 -

1965 - 1988

24 Oct 2005 - 

Conditionals

Task 1: Which type?

Task 2: Match the parts of the sentences

Task 3: Multiple choice

Task 4: Game

Task 5: Multiple choice 2

Task 6:  Mixed conditionals 

Task 7: Mixed conditionals 2

Task 8:  Test

Inventions

Task 1: Discuss in your group what the greatest inventions of all times are. List down 14. 

Task 2: Which ones were listed on this website? 

Task 3: Find information and prepare a short presentation

1) Who invented the vaccine?
2) The steam engine?
3) electric battery?
4) fridge?
5) steel?
6) electric bulb?
7) airplane?
8) the Internet?
9) penicillin?
10) printing press?
11) car?
12) nuclear fission / energy?
13) plastics?
14) vacuum cleaner?

Who invented it? (add photo)
When and how? (How long was the process? What stages were there?)
At least 5 interesting facts about the inventor (life, education, other inventions etc).
Your opinion: What has the invention given us? Explain its importance.
Find a relevant video and prepare showing max 2 min of it.

Decisions and Ideas

 1) be in two minds

2) be in a quandary

3) keep your options open

4) make a snap decision

5) take it or leave it

6) weigh your options

7) weigh the pros and cons

8) be spoilt for choice

9) take sth into consideration

10) be a tough call

11) choose the lesser of two devils

12) have a plan B

13) be definitely in

14) seek advice

15) have a brainwave

Conditionals

 

Video: 1-minute grammar

Sexist Language

 1) What is sexist language? 

Language that excludes either men or women when discussing a topic that is applicable to both sexes is considered sexist language.

2) How to replace sexist words in your vocabulary?

• Use genderless collective references: Use humanity or the human race instead of man or mankind when you are referring to all people.
• Avoid the generic he: Don’t use he or him as a generic term. Instead, use an appropriate article, such as the, a, or an. Instead of his, use one’s or a person’s. If you are speaking of a single hypothetical individual, use person or individual instead of man.
• Describe roles without specifying gender: Use genderless titles whenever possible, such as meterologist instead of weatherman, firefighter instead of fireman, and homemaker instead of housewife.
• Don’t add gender markers: Avoid adding gender markers to genderless titles, such as male nurse; use the genderless title alone (i.e., nurse). This should apply to all occupations; there is no reason to pair a person’s gender with the individual’s job title.

• Use plural where possible: Rework sentences in the plural to avoid gendered pronouns and possessive adjectives. This will create smoother and more grammatically correct prose than using a plural pronoun with a singular subject. For example:

  • Sexist: Each student makes up his own schedule.
  • Grammatically incorrect: Each student makes up their own schedule.
  • Gender-neutral and grammatically correct: Students make up their own schedules.
• Include both male and female pronouns: When it is not possible to recast sentences in the plural, use “he or she” or “his or her” to be inclusive. (The winning contestant must claim his or her prize by Tuesday.) However, using this formulation too often can break up the flow of your writing, so use it sparingly.
• Use gender neutral letter greetings: Don’t address letters to Dear Sir(s). Contact the company to get the actual name of the letter recipient or use “To Whom it May Concern” or similar.

Discussion

1) Which jobs used to be very gender-based? Give examples. Are there any jobs you think are only or mostly for men or for women? 

2) Do you think it is possible for genders to be equal, but different? Explain. 

3) Should a language change in order to make all people feel included?  Is it making communication easier or more complicated? Give examples from everyday life. 

4) Imagine your job is acting. Would you prefer to be called an actor or actress? Do you think we need a different word which would be gender-neutral? Give your ideas what it could be. 

5) Which language is more gender-neutral: Estonian or English? Give examples or reasons why you think so. 

6) As the families are changing too, do you think people should stop using words "mother"/"father" and replace them by a neutral word "parent"? Why? Why not?

7) As the number of people who identify themselves as non-binary is rising, please think of the reasons. 

8) Find a gender-neutral word for...

* sportsman / sportswoman

* barman / barmaid

* businesswoman / businessman

* fireman

* stewardess

* headmaster / headmistress

* mailman, postman

* king / queen

* schoolgirl / schoolboy

* wife / husband

* handsome / beautiful

* girlish / boyish

* motherhood / fatherhood

Job Market

Your task is to create a short report on the job market in a particular country. Use Office Word to create a document. You have 4 different paragraphs to create. Use maximum 10 minutes for each paragraph. If you can find information faster, you can always add more information to any of the paragraphs. 

1) Choose a country 

2) Find information about legal requirements: who can work, age limits, work permits, working visa, mandatory to know the official language etc. What's the minimum salary or hourly rate? What's the average salary? What about taxes?

3) Browse job vacancies and describe them in general: job sectors, most common positions, salary range, regions etc. 

4) Choose 1 interesting job advert and describe it. 

5) In conclusion, add your opinion whether it would be a good idea to work in that country. Why? Why not? 

Share your document at the end of the lesson with your teacher. 

Work Idioms

 1) to start the ball rolling 

2) have a lot on his plate

3) put sb's feet up

4) be thrown in at the deep end

5) show sb the ropes

6) to rise to the challenge

7) the bottom line

8) to think outside the box

9) to work your fingers to the bone

10) (go) back to the drawing board

11) to burn the midnight oil

12) call it a day

13) to cut corners

14) (go) back to square one

15) to do sth by the book

16) be  a pen / pencil pusher

17) get your foot in the door

18) to miss the mark

19) to raise the bar

20) to slack off

21) (to read) the fine print

22) (be on / have) a learning curve

Future Jobs

 15 future jobs

1. ORGAN CREATOR

The shortage of transplantable organs will, eventually, lead scientists to create organs and body parts from stem cells and other materials, including some that may not even exist yet. Recruiters will be searching for candidates with a background in molecular biology, tissue engineering, or biomedical engineering.

2. AUGMENTED-REALITY JOURNEY BUILER

AR journey builders will allow customers to experience virtually anything they wish. The AR journey builders will design, write, create, calibrate, gamify, build, and — most importantly — personalize the mind-blowing stories for clients. The position will demand a film school degree as well as experience with massively multiplayer online role-playing games.

3. BIOFILM INSTALLER

Biofilms — collections of microbial cells attached to wet surfaces — are a remarkable tool for sewage treatment, oil spill cleanup, and generating power. By coating certain surfaces in the bathroom and kitchen of homes, they will become key tools for environmentally friendly buildings. It’s possible that biofilm installers will fit showers with microbes that attack bathroom mildew or, more broadly, equip homes with a living organism to process the garbage.

4.  ALGORITHM BIAS AUDITORS

Algorithms drive much of 21st-century life, from the musical choices to the dating options. The contemporary hiring process is also powered by them. Verification through audits will help ensure the future workforce is also the fair workforce. Algorithm bias auditors will have a background in computer science or data analytics.

5. REWILDER

These are the radical transformers who will potentially turn a concrete jungle into a green belt. Rewilders will focus on undoing the blight of two centuries of industrial revolution, replacing aging factories and unneeded buildings, roads, and fences with forests and native species. Rewilders will likely have a background in agriculture, wildlife management, and environmental science.

6. DIGITAL CURRENCY ADVISOR

With the soaring interest in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum, investors now have enormous opportunities — and potential exposure — in unregulated financial instruments. Digital currency advisors specialize in these currencies and show people how to manage their wealth by using the right balance of systems. Digital currency advisors will have backgrounds in accounting, financial management, and data security.

7. DRONE TEAFFIC OPTIMIZER

Once a novelty, drones today are filming our movies and fighting our wars, policing our neighborhoods, and delivering our packages. They will be everywhere and someone will need to oversee their flight paths so they don’t begin to wreak complete havoc. In the United States, NASA and the FAA are working on this issue at a national level. The drone traffic optimizers will handle at a local level.

8. SMART  HOME DESIGN MANAGERS

Current homes can control their own lighting, temperature, and security. The rise of smart home design managers will boom as homes are built — or retrofitted — with dedicated home office spaces, replete with routers in the right place, soundproofing, separate voice-driven entrances. These managers will be “home-schooled” with advanced degrees in AI, robotics, and residential architecture.

9. AGILE SUPPLY CHAIN WORKER

In a global and online economy, businesses will increasingly need to respond in real time to fluctuations in both supply (where can I get parts faster, cheaper, of better quality?) and demand (why the sudden interest for our product in Southeast Asia?). Companies need people who constantly scout out new sources for materials and components and connect company supply lines on the fly to keep costs low and turnaround fast. Recruiters will look for candidates who’ve studied supply chain management and logistics at business school. 

10. TRASH ENGINEER / GARBAGE DESIGNER

Humans produce a huge amount of waste every day and we’re running out of places to stash our trash. But to those who say there’s no way out of this mess, our future trash engineers say, “Rubbish!” Garbage designers . . . will be charged with coming up with clever methods to upcycle trash on a large scale, and manufacturers of everything from toys to clothes to furniture will hire them to find more efficient ways to use and reuse their byproducts. A background in materials science and industrial design will be needed for those who dream of nothing less than cleaning up the world.

Reported speech (exercises)

 Task 1: Quiz - reported speech

Task 2: Orders and requests

Task 3: Past Simple

Task 4: Statements

Task 5: Questions

Task 6: Reported questions

Task 7: Quiz

Verbs: sight and sound / way of speaking

 Sight: 

stare, peer, blink, notice, spot, glare, peep, glance, view, examine, inspect, observe, peek, spy, scan, study, watch, monitor, behold, gape, skim, 

Sound: 

whisper, snore, snuffle, argue, cheer, exclaim, shout, sigh, stammer, whine, boo, hiss, moan, screech, yell, howl, puff, mumble, murmur, chant, giggle, grumble, sniffle, hiccup, chuckle, chatter, rant, blabber, declare

1. look quickly (4)

2. look carefully (6)

3. verbs with mostly unspoken sounds (12)

4. verbs that express disapproval (7)

1. look quickly: glance, peek, scan, skim

2. look carefully: view, inspect, examine, observe, monitor, study

3. verbs with mostly unspoken sounds: sniffle, snuffle, hiccup, mumble, snore, hiss, howl, boo, puff chuckle, sigh, giggle

 verbs that express disapproval: boo, hiss, moan, grumble, whine, rant, argue

Reported Speech

 PAIRWORK

Baamboozle => Games => Search for a game => enter this number Game Code: 448765

Game Code: 2477287

Task 1: Statements 1

Task 2: Statements (and 1 command)

Task 3:  Statements She said that....

Task 4: Statements 2

Task 5: Statements 3

Check SB ex 8/85

1) was

2) couldn't

3) had survived

4) had been

5) had hit

6) had noticed

7) had stayed

8) had

9) was

10) was getting

11) hadn't stopped

12) was planning

13) didn't like

The sensory world of animals

 1) What is "umwelt" and who started to use this term?

2) What was said about the sense of taste?

3) What did you learn about the sight?

4) What did you learn about sea otters? (touch)

5) Describe an owl's sense of hearing?

Alexander von Uexküll 

* Sankt Petersburg

* The University of Dorpat 

* Haimre manor

Jakob von Uexküll

* Keblaste manor (1864)

* The University of Tartu (1884-1889)

* The University of Hamburg (1925 ...)

* How living beings perceive their environment / Umwelt Institute (1926)

* summer cottages at Puhtu and Virtsu (1929-1939) => research station (1949)

* Capri

* Jakob von Uexküll Centre

Reported speech

 Video

Quiz

Reported Speech

Task 1: Study the shifts

"Direct speech"	Reported speech
1.here	1. there
2. now	2. then, at that moment
3. yesterday	3. the day before, the previous day
4. tomorrow	4. the next day, the following day
5. this	5.  that
6. these	6.  those
7. today	7.  that day
8. tonight	8.  that night
9. last week	9. the week before, the previous week
10. next week	10.  the next week, the following week
11. ago	11.  before
12. soon	12.  later
13. plays	13.  played
14. were	14.  had been
15. am going	15. was going
16. has seen	16.  had seen
17. were drawing	17.  had been drawing
18. don’t imagine	18.  didn't imagine
19. didn’t go	19.  hadn't gone
20. will	20. would
21. have to	21.  had to
22. can	22.  could

23. could                                23. could /was, were able to

24. must                                 24. had to / must

25. may                                  25. might

26. might                               26. might

27. should                              27. should

28. would  (like)                    28. would (like)

Task 2: Reporting verbs

How many different reporting verbs do you know?


Task 3 : Time shifts and the change of adverbs

Direct speech	Reported speech
1.here	1.
2. now	2.
3. yesterday	3.
4. tomorrow	4.
5. this	5.
6. these	6.
7. today	7.
8. tonight	8.
9. last week	9.
10. next week	10.
11. ago	11.
12. soon	12.
13. plays	13.
14. were	14.
15. am going	15.
16. has seen	16.
17. were drawing	17.
18. don’t imagine	18.
19. didn’t go	19.
20. will	20.
21. have to	21.
22. can	22.

adverb + adjective collocations

absolutely necessary,  amazing, clear, delicous, essential, exhausting, overwhelming, perfect, ridiculous, delighted

amazingly entertaining, successful

bitterly cold, disappointed, disappointing, opposed, resentful

brilliantly executed

completely absorbed, acceptable, disgusted, honest, different

ridiculously cheap, expensive

 reasonably priced

actively involved

badly injured

conveniently located

deadly serious

deeply ashamed, saddened, hurt

fiercely competitive

fully aware, open

heavily armed

highly recommended, unlikely, 

perfectly clear

reasonably priced

really amazing, happy

seriously ill, tempted

strictly forbidden

terribly disappointed / disappointing

totally indifferent, unrealistic, unbelievable

utterly irresistable, stupid

widely accepted, available, 

Unit 7: Senses

 

QUIZ

• 1. 

  What Are The Little Bumps On Your Tongue Called?

• 2. About How Many Taste Buds Do People Have In Their Mouth?

• 3. True Or False: The Sweet Taste Buds Are In The Front of Your Tongue.
• 4. Which Sense Is The Weakest Of The Five Senses?
• 5. Does your sense of taste change as you get older?
• 6. Can you taste spicy food?
• 7) What substance in the mouth helps break down food? a) acid, b) chemicals, c) saliva, d) water
• 
  

Video: Taste

Task 1: Phrases

1) väga kasulikud

2) teadlastele tuginedes

3) meelsamini, parema meelega

4) vanad (eelajaloolised) eelkäijad

5) laialt levinud

6) erakordselt ettevaatlik

7) vahet tegema

8) eristama

9) sülg

10 ) ära tundma, tuvastama

11) taju

12) teaduslik selgitus

Task 2: Check your phrases

1) highly beneficial

2) according to scientists

3) more favourably

4) prehistoric ancestors

5) widely available

6) exceptionally careful

7) distinguish

8) differentiate

9)  saliva

10) detect

11) perception

12) scientific explanation

Task 3: Translate

1) Toidueksperdid rõhutavad, et köögiviljad on väga kasulikud sinu tervisele. 

2) Teadlastele tuginedes ei ole noorte inimeste maitsemeel (maitsesensorid) valmis tundma mõnede köögiviljade kibedat maitset. 

3) Meie maitsemeel areneb vanemaks saades ja me võime siis suhtuda kapsasse või spinatisse parema meelega. 

4) Meie vanad eelkäijad sõid palju magusaid puuvilju, sest need olid laialt levinud, lihtne puudel ja põõsastel märgata ja heaks energiaallikaks. 

5) Nad said samuti sellest aru, et tuleb olla erakordselt ettevaatlik taimedega, millel on kibe maitse kuna need olid tihti mürgised. 

6) Meie maitsemeel suudab eristada nelja maitset: kibe/mõru, magus, soolane ja hapu. 

7) Tüdrukutel on tundlikum maitsemeel ja nad suudavad eristada maitseid kergemini. 

8) Kui me haistame toitu, meie suu toodab sülge ja see kannab maitse maitsesensoriteni. 

9) Meie nina suudab tuvastada 10 000 erinevat lõhna. 

10) Toidu tekstuur on samuti oluline selle maitse tajumiseks. 

11) Kui sulle ei meeldi mõne köögivilja välimus, tekstuur või maitse, siis sellel on ülemaailmselt aktsepteeritud teaduslik selgitus. 

Correct answers to the quiz

1) Papillae are the little bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds. They help in detecting different tastes such as sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. These bumps increase the surface area of the tongue, allowing for better taste perception.

2) The average person has approximately 10,000 taste buds in their mouth. These taste buds are located on the tongue, as well as on the roof of the mouth and the back of the throat. Taste buds are responsible for detecting different tastes such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. However, it is important to note that the number of taste buds can vary from person to person.

3) FALSE: The concept of specific taste zones on the tongue (e.g., sweet, sour, bitter) arranged in distinct regions (e.g., front, back, sides) is a common misconception. Research has shown that taste buds sensitive to different tastes are distributed across the entire tongue, rather than being localized to specific regions. Taste buds for sweetness are found throughout the tongue, not just in the front. The tongue's ability to detect various tastes is a complex and integrated process involving taste buds all over its surface.

4) The correct answer is taste. Taste is considered the weakest of the five senses because it relies on the stimulation of taste buds on the tongue, which can be easily influenced by factors such as temperature, texture, and smell. Additionally, taste is subjective and can vary greatly between individuals.

5) It gets weaker. As we age, our sense of taste tends to decline, making it weaker. This can be attributed to various factors such as a decrease in the number of taste buds, changes in the structure and function of taste receptors, and a decline in saliva production. Additionally, certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can also contribute to a diminishing sense of taste. Therefore, it is common for individuals to experience a weakening of their sense of taste as they get older.

6) No. Spicy is not a taste that the tongue can detect. The tongue can detect sweet, salty, and bitter tastes, but spicy is not actually a taste. Spiciness is actually a sensation caused by the chemical compound called capsaicin, which stimulates the pain receptors in the mouth and creates a burning sensation. Therefore, while we may perceive spiciness as a taste, it is not actually detected by the taste buds on the tongue.

7) C. Saliva is the substance in the mouth that helps break down food. Saliva contains enzymes, such as amylase, that begin the process of breaking down carbohydrates in food. These enzymes help to break down the complex molecules into simpler forms that can be easily absorbed and digested by the body. Additionally, saliva helps to moisten food, making it easier to chew and swallow. Overall, saliva plays a crucial role in the initial stages of digestion by facilitating the breakdown of food in the mouth.