Rosa Parks

 Rosa Parks: biography

What happened?

1913 -

at the age of 19 -

1932 -

1 Dec 1955

5 Dec 1955

1956 -

1965 - 1988

24 Oct 2005 - 

Conditionals

Task 1: Which type?

Task 2: Match the parts of the sentences

Task 3: Multiple choice

Task 4: Game

Task 5: Multiple choice 2

Task 6:  Mixed conditionals 

Task 7: Mixed conditionals 2

Task 8:  Test

Inventions

Task 1: Discuss in your group what the greatest inventions of all times are. List down 14. 

Task 2: Which ones were listed on this website? 

Task 3: Find information and prepare a short presentation

1) Who invented the vaccine?
2) The steam engine?
3) electric battery?
4) fridge?
5) steel?
6) electric bulb?
7) airplane?
8) the Internet?
9) penicillin?
10) printing press?
11) car?
12) nuclear fission / energy?
13) plastics?
14) vacuum cleaner?

Who invented it? (add photo)
When and how? (How long was the process? What stages were there?)
At least 5 interesting facts about the inventor (life, education, other inventions etc).
Your opinion: What has the invention given us? Explain its importance.
Find a relevant video and prepare showing max 2 min of it.

Decisions and Ideas

 1) be in two minds

2) be in a quandary

3) keep your options open

4) make a snap decision

5) take it or leave it

6) weigh your options

7) weigh the pros and cons

8) be spoilt for choice

9) take sth into consideration

10) be a tough call

11) choose the lesser of two devils

12) have a plan B

13) be definitely in

14) seek advice

15) have a brainwave

Conditionals

 

Video: 1-minute grammar

Sexist Language

 1) What is sexist language? 

Language that excludes either men or women when discussing a topic that is applicable to both sexes is considered sexist language.

2) How to replace sexist words in your vocabulary?

• Use genderless collective references: Use humanity or the human race instead of man or mankind when you are referring to all people.
• Avoid the generic he: Don’t use he or him as a generic term. Instead, use an appropriate article, such as the, a, or an. Instead of his, use one’s or a person’s. If you are speaking of a single hypothetical individual, use person or individual instead of man.
• Describe roles without specifying gender: Use genderless titles whenever possible, such as meterologist instead of weatherman, firefighter instead of fireman, and homemaker instead of housewife.
• Don’t add gender markers: Avoid adding gender markers to genderless titles, such as male nurse; use the genderless title alone (i.e., nurse). This should apply to all occupations; there is no reason to pair a person’s gender with the individual’s job title.

• Use plural where possible: Rework sentences in the plural to avoid gendered pronouns and possessive adjectives. This will create smoother and more grammatically correct prose than using a plural pronoun with a singular subject. For example:

  • Sexist: Each student makes up his own schedule.
  • Grammatically incorrect: Each student makes up their own schedule.
  • Gender-neutral and grammatically correct: Students make up their own schedules.
• Include both male and female pronouns: When it is not possible to recast sentences in the plural, use “he or she” or “his or her” to be inclusive. (The winning contestant must claim his or her prize by Tuesday.) However, using this formulation too often can break up the flow of your writing, so use it sparingly.
• Use gender neutral letter greetings: Don’t address letters to Dear Sir(s). Contact the company to get the actual name of the letter recipient or use “To Whom it May Concern” or similar.

Discussion

1) Which jobs used to be very gender-based? Give examples. Are there any jobs you think are only or mostly for men or for women? 

2) Do you think it is possible for genders to be equal, but different? Explain. 

3) Should a language change in order to make all people feel included?  Is it making communication easier or more complicated? Give examples from everyday life. 

4) Imagine your job is acting. Would you prefer to be called an actor or actress? Do you think we need a different word which would be gender-neutral? Give your ideas what it could be. 

5) Which language is more gender-neutral: Estonian or English? Give examples or reasons why you think so. 

6) As the families are changing too, do you think people should stop using words "mother"/"father" and replace them by a neutral word "parent"? Why? Why not?

7) As the number of people who identify themselves as non-binary is rising, please think of the reasons. 

8) Find a gender-neutral word for...

* sportsman / sportswoman

* barman / barmaid

* businesswoman / businessman

* fireman

* stewardess

* headmaster / headmistress

* mailman, postman

* king / queen

* schoolgirl / schoolboy

* wife / husband

* handsome / beautiful

* girlish / boyish

* motherhood / fatherhood