Conditionals

 

Video: 1-minute grammar

Sexist Language

 1) What is sexist language? 

Language that excludes either men or women when discussing a topic that is applicable to both sexes is considered sexist language.

2) How to replace sexist words in your vocabulary?

• Use genderless collective references: Use humanity or the human race instead of man or mankind when you are referring to all people.
• Avoid the generic he: Don’t use he or him as a generic term. Instead, use an appropriate article, such as the, a, or an. Instead of his, use one’s or a person’s. If you are speaking of a single hypothetical individual, use person or individual instead of man.
• Describe roles without specifying gender: Use genderless titles whenever possible, such as meterologist instead of weatherman, firefighter instead of fireman, and homemaker instead of housewife.
• Don’t add gender markers: Avoid adding gender markers to genderless titles, such as male nurse; use the genderless title alone (i.e., nurse). This should apply to all occupations; there is no reason to pair a person’s gender with the individual’s job title.

• Use plural where possible: Rework sentences in the plural to avoid gendered pronouns and possessive adjectives. This will create smoother and more grammatically correct prose than using a plural pronoun with a singular subject. For example:

  • Sexist: Each student makes up his own schedule.
  • Grammatically incorrect: Each student makes up their own schedule.
  • Gender-neutral and grammatically correct: Students make up their own schedules.
• Include both male and female pronouns: When it is not possible to recast sentences in the plural, use “he or she” or “his or her” to be inclusive. (The winning contestant must claim his or her prize by Tuesday.) However, using this formulation too often can break up the flow of your writing, so use it sparingly.
• Use gender neutral letter greetings: Don’t address letters to Dear Sir(s). Contact the company to get the actual name of the letter recipient or use “To Whom it May Concern” or similar.

Discussion

1) Which jobs used to be very gender-based? Give examples. Are there any jobs you think are only or mostly for men or for women? 

2) Do you think it is possible for genders to be equal, but different? Explain. 

3) Should a language change in order to make all people feel included?  Is it making communication easier or more complicated? Give examples from everyday life. 

4) Imagine your job is acting. Would you prefer to be called an actor or actress? Do you think we need a different word which would be gender-neutral? Give your ideas what it could be. 

5) Which language is more gender-neutral: Estonian or English? Give examples or reasons why you think so. 

6) As the families are changing too, do you think people should stop using words "mother"/"father" and replace them by a neutral word "parent"? Why? Why not?

7) As the number of people who identify themselves as non-binary is rising, please think of the reasons. 

8) Find a gender-neutral word for...

* sportsman / sportswoman

* barman / barmaid

* businesswoman / businessman

* fireman

* stewardess

* headmaster / headmistress

* mailman, postman

* king / queen

* schoolgirl / schoolboy

* wife / husband

* handsome / beautiful

* girlish / boyish

* motherhood / fatherhood

Job Market

Your task is to create a short report on the job market in a particular country. Use Office Word to create a document. You have 4 different paragraphs to create. Use maximum 10 minutes for each paragraph. If you can find information faster, you can always add more information to any of the paragraphs. 

1) Choose a country 

2) Find information about legal requirements: who can work, age limits, work permits, working visa, mandatory to know the official language etc. What's the minimum salary or hourly rate? What's the average salary? What about taxes?

3) Browse job vacancies and describe them in general: job sectors, most common positions, salary range, regions etc. 

4) Choose 1 interesting job advert and describe it. 

5) In conclusion, add your opinion whether it would be a good idea to work in that country. Why? Why not? 

Share your document at the end of the lesson with your teacher. 

Work Idioms

 1) to start the ball rolling 

2) have a lot on his plate

3) put sb's feet up

4) be thrown in at the deep end

5) show sb the ropes

6) to rise to the challenge

7) the bottom line

8) to think outside the box

9) to work your fingers to the bone

10) (go) back to the drawing board

11) to burn the midnight oil

12) call it a day

13) to cut corners

14) (go) back to square one

15) to do sth by the book

16) be  a pen / pencil pusher

17) get your foot in the door

18) to miss the mark

19) to raise the bar

20) to slack off

21) (to read) the fine print

22) (be on / have) a learning curve

Future Jobs

 15 future jobs

1. ORGAN CREATOR

The shortage of transplantable organs will, eventually, lead scientists to create organs and body parts from stem cells and other materials, including some that may not even exist yet. Recruiters will be searching for candidates with a background in molecular biology, tissue engineering, or biomedical engineering.

2. AUGMENTED-REALITY JOURNEY BUILER

AR journey builders will allow customers to experience virtually anything they wish. The AR journey builders will design, write, create, calibrate, gamify, build, and — most importantly — personalize the mind-blowing stories for clients. The position will demand a film school degree as well as experience with massively multiplayer online role-playing games.

3. BIOFILM INSTALLER

Biofilms — collections of microbial cells attached to wet surfaces — are a remarkable tool for sewage treatment, oil spill cleanup, and generating power. By coating certain surfaces in the bathroom and kitchen of homes, they will become key tools for environmentally friendly buildings. It’s possible that biofilm installers will fit showers with microbes that attack bathroom mildew or, more broadly, equip homes with a living organism to process the garbage.

4.  ALGORITHM BIAS AUDITORS

Algorithms drive much of 21st-century life, from the musical choices to the dating options. The contemporary hiring process is also powered by them. Verification through audits will help ensure the future workforce is also the fair workforce. Algorithm bias auditors will have a background in computer science or data analytics.

5. REWILDER

These are the radical transformers who will potentially turn a concrete jungle into a green belt. Rewilders will focus on undoing the blight of two centuries of industrial revolution, replacing aging factories and unneeded buildings, roads, and fences with forests and native species. Rewilders will likely have a background in agriculture, wildlife management, and environmental science.

6. DIGITAL CURRENCY ADVISOR

With the soaring interest in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum, investors now have enormous opportunities — and potential exposure — in unregulated financial instruments. Digital currency advisors specialize in these currencies and show people how to manage their wealth by using the right balance of systems. Digital currency advisors will have backgrounds in accounting, financial management, and data security.

7. DRONE TEAFFIC OPTIMIZER

Once a novelty, drones today are filming our movies and fighting our wars, policing our neighborhoods, and delivering our packages. They will be everywhere and someone will need to oversee their flight paths so they don’t begin to wreak complete havoc. In the United States, NASA and the FAA are working on this issue at a national level. The drone traffic optimizers will handle at a local level.

8. SMART  HOME DESIGN MANAGERS

Current homes can control their own lighting, temperature, and security. The rise of smart home design managers will boom as homes are built — or retrofitted — with dedicated home office spaces, replete with routers in the right place, soundproofing, separate voice-driven entrances. These managers will be “home-schooled” with advanced degrees in AI, robotics, and residential architecture.

9. AGILE SUPPLY CHAIN WORKER

In a global and online economy, businesses will increasingly need to respond in real time to fluctuations in both supply (where can I get parts faster, cheaper, of better quality?) and demand (why the sudden interest for our product in Southeast Asia?). Companies need people who constantly scout out new sources for materials and components and connect company supply lines on the fly to keep costs low and turnaround fast. Recruiters will look for candidates who’ve studied supply chain management and logistics at business school. 

10. TRASH ENGINEER / GARBAGE DESIGNER

Humans produce a huge amount of waste every day and we’re running out of places to stash our trash. But to those who say there’s no way out of this mess, our future trash engineers say, “Rubbish!” Garbage designers . . . will be charged with coming up with clever methods to upcycle trash on a large scale, and manufacturers of everything from toys to clothes to furniture will hire them to find more efficient ways to use and reuse their byproducts. A background in materials science and industrial design will be needed for those who dream of nothing less than cleaning up the world.

Reported speech (exercises)

 Task 1: Quiz - reported speech

Task 2: Orders and requests

Task 3: Past Simple

Task 4: Statements

Task 5: Questions

Task 6: Reported questions

Task 7: Quiz

Verbs: sight and sound / way of speaking

 Sight: 

stare, peer, blink, notice, spot, glare, peep, glance, view, examine, inspect, observe, peek, spy, scan, study, watch, monitor, behold, gape, skim, 

Sound: 

whisper, snore, snuffle, argue, cheer, exclaim, shout, sigh, stammer, whine, boo, hiss, moan, screech, yell, howl, puff, mumble, murmur, chant, giggle, grumble, sniffle, hiccup, chuckle, chatter, rant, blabber, declare

1. look quickly (4)

2. look carefully (6)

3. verbs with mostly unspoken sounds (12)

4. verbs that express disapproval (7)

1. look quickly: glance, peek, scan, skim

2. look carefully: view, inspect, examine, observe, monitor, study

3. verbs with mostly unspoken sounds: sniffle, snuffle, hiccup, mumble, snore, hiss, howl, boo, puff chuckle, sigh, giggle

 verbs that express disapproval: boo, hiss, moan, grumble, whine, rant, argue